Neurotechnology: Current Developments and Ethical Issues

Overview

Authors: Oliver Müller, Stefan Rotter

Publication Date: 12 December 2017

Link: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/systems-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnsys.2017.00093/full

Keywords: neurotechnologies, Brain-Computer Interface (BCI), Brain-Machine Interface (BMI), neural implants, neural data privacy, neurosecurity, neurotechnological Regulatory Frameworks

Type: Articles/Reports

Summary

Neurotechnology involves connecting technical devices directly to the human nervous system to monitor or influence brain activity. This field offers promising medical applications, such as aiding patients with severe paralysis through non-invasive methods like electrode caps that detect brain signals, enabling communication via computerized systems. Invasive techniques, involving implanted electrodes, provide potential for controlling complex prosthetic devices and diagnosing neurological conditions like epilepsy. Advancements have led to intelligent prostheses that interpret brain signals to control devices like prosthetic limbs. Research is ongoing to enhance the biocompatibility and longevity of these implants for seamless integration into daily life. Additionally, stimulation methods, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), have shown effectiveness in alleviating symptoms of neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease. Emerging techniques like optogenetics, which use light to control genetically modified neurons, are being explored for their potential in treating various conditions, though they raise ethical and safety concerns. Combining recording and stimulation technologies in closed-loop systems represents a significant advancement, allowing for real-time monitoring and modulation of brain activity. These developments necessitate careful consideration of ethical implications, particularly regarding potential changes to a person's identity and autonomy. The integration of human cognition with machines also raises questions about data privacy, security, and the extent to which technology should be used to enhance or alter human capabilities. As neurotechnology continues to evolve, addressing these ethical challenges is crucial to ensure that advancements benefit individuals and society while safeguarding fundamental human rights and personal identity.